Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), Mail Delivery Agent (MDA),

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) . An MTA implements both the client (sending) and server (receiving) portions of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.[
Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) -mail delivery agent or message delivery agent (MDA) is a computer software component that is responsible for the delivery of e-mail messages to a local recipient's mailbox

TCP/IP Protocols

TCP IP protocols

• DNS- is used to resolve internet name to Ip address
• HTTP - is used to transfer files that make up the web pages of WWW.
• SMTP- to transfer of mail messages and attachments
• Telnet - a terminal emulation protocol user to provide remote access to servers and networking
• devices.
• FTP file transfer protocol - user to interactive file transfer between system.

Encapsulation

• Since there are so much details on encapsulation I decided to do a individual blog on it.

Two functions of encapsulation

• identifies pieces of data as part of the same communication
• ensures that data pieces can be directed to the correct receiving end device

The Primary function of the trailer information added by the data link layer encapsulation is to supports error detection

Key functions of Encapsulation

• identifies pieces of data as part of the same communication
• ensures that data pieces can be directed to the correct receiving end device
• enables the reassembly of complete message

5 steps of Data encapsulation
The Application, Presentation and Session layers create DATA from user input
The Transport layer converts the DATA to SEGMENTS
The Network layer converts the SEGMENTS to PACKETS
The Data Link Layer coverts the PACKETS to FRAMES
The physical lyaer coverts the FRAMES to BITS.

DHCP installation and uninstall commands.

DHCP installation
start /w ocsetup DNS-server-core-role

Remove DHCP role

start /w ocsetup DNS-server-core-role /uninstall

Windows Deployment Services

Benefits of WDS:

• Ideal for installing the same OS on multiple computers
• Installs Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, and Windows 7, Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP
• Enhances performance
• Provides updated boot format
• Uses image-based installation techniques
• Can utilize multicasting for network efficiency
• Offers a redesigned presentation for choosing which operating system to installCan utilize multicasting for network efficiency
• Offers a redesigned presentation for choosing which operating system to install

Requirements for installing WDS:

• DNS server must be configured in your network
• DHCP server must be configured in your network
• Active Directory Domain Services must be configured in your network
• NTFS file system as the file system for your WDS

Adantages of Server Core & the Full Version of Windows 2008

Advantages of Server Core
Designed to have small footprint in the network which make it less vulnerable to Internet attacks.
Good option for system administrator who like to administrate their server using scripts instead of GUI.
For a dedicated server with a since Server Role
Servers that do not require .NET Framework
Server holds critical files where attacks can be prevented.

Advantages of Full Version
Offer a large group of GUI management tools
Allow you to install other GUI based applications
Requirement for .NET framework.
Do not require dedicated server

Client access licenses (CALs)

A CAL defines how many workstations will access the Server

• 5 or 25 for Standard or Enterprise editions
• Additional CALs can be added as needed

There is Flat cost per processor. This is for Datacenter and Itanium-based editions

Upgrade Paths from Windows 2003 Server to Windows 2008 Server

New Technology File System (NTFS)

It has been supported since Windows NT
Native file system for Windows Server 2008
It has Security advantages for File and Directory Security
File compression (Up to 40% compression rate)
Disk quotas
It uses Indexing for faster search
Journaling in a feature which keep track of filesystem changes)
It allows hard link allow you to create a multiple links to a file and distribute those copies to multiple folders.
It has a Self-healing disks Windows 2008 can run in a damaged disk area and allow NTFS heal it.

Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)

It is used to prevent data loss from hard disk failure

Hyper-V Capability

Compatible with Clustering
Able to handle up to 4 processor SMP computer
Can be used with Windows and Linux OS
Compatible with different types of disk storage methods
Enables fast migration from one computer to another
Can be used on 32 and 64bit OS.

RAM Limitation Windows Server 2008 for x86 & x64

x86
4GB for Standard and Web Edition
64GB for Enterprise and Data Center Edition
x64
32GB for Standard and Web Edition
2TB for Enterprise, Data Center Edition, Itanium-based

Windows Web Server 2008

Designed for hosting and deploying Web services and applications
For small to large companies that develop or deploy a single website.
Supports x86 and x64 computers
The limitation is it cannot be used to manage directory resources via hosting Active Directory.
It does not support the extra capabilities included in enterprise edition. There is no support for clustering, hot-add memory, fault tolerant memory sync or Meta Directory Services.

RAM
a max of 4GB for x86 processor
a max of 32GB for x64 prcoessor

Difference Between x86 Computer & x64 Computer

Windows 2008 can be installed on a x86 and x64 computer.
The x86 is a 32 bit processor, and it is based on architecture of the original 80386 processor family.
x86 uses Intel & AMD manufacture 32 bit processors.
The x64 is a 64 bit processor in a personal computer, its runs servers faster, and comes with industrial-strength processing.
x86 servers have a use up to 4GB ram.
x64 server can have up to 32GB ram.

Windows Server 2008 Features

Server Manager

• Enables the server administrator to manager to:
• view network connection
• configure a firewall
• configure storage on a Windows 2008 Server
• configure a multitude of server roles from basic server to advance server settings
• add remove features
• run diagnostics
• manage storage and backups
• configure network connection

Security
For security Windows 2008 uses NAP. Network Access Protection is an umbrella of security protection features that monitor and manage the server and its clients.


Clustering
a group servers of linked servers working together as a single solution. They can programmed to take over the load of the servers.
Its the ability to increase the access to server resources, and provide fail-safe services by linking two or more discrete computers of systems so they appear to function as one.
Clustering is used for

• Testing
• Migrate configuration settings
• Quick configuration and troubleshooting
• Storage configuration
• Performance and reliability
• Security

Enhanced Web Services

• Comes with Internet Information Services (IIS)
• Enhanced security
• Easier application of patches
• Easier for programmers to write and configure Web applications
• Better management tools: IIS Manager

Windows Server Core

• A Minimum server configuration
• Advantages:
• No GUI overhead
• Less disk space and memory needed
• Smaller attack surface
• Interact with server via command line
• Similar to UNIX/Linux Systems

Windows Power Shell
Command-line interface that offers a shell
Perform common administration tasks
Use cmdlets
130 command line-tools
Scripting language

Virtualization

• Using Hyper-V
• Capabilities:
• Compatible with clustering
• Able to handle up to a four-processor SMP computer
• Can be used with Windows and Linux operating systems
• Compatible with different types of disk storage methods
• Enables fast migration from one computer to another
• Can house 64-bit and 32-bit operating

Reliability

• Kernel runs in privileged mode
• Core programs; computer code of operating system
• Extra level of security
• Protected processes
• Computer program or portion of program
• Protects premature interruption
• Management features:
• Server Manager
• Wizards
• Windows Reliability and Performance Monitor

Multitasking
Ability to run two or more programs at the same time

Multithreading
Capability of programs written to run several program code blocks at the same time

Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems

Itanium Processor
64-bit processor that allows more instructions per processor cycle than typical x86 and x64 processors
2TB maximum RAM
Supports:
Hot-add memory, processor
Hot-replace processor
SMP
Intended for resource-intensive applications
Itanium CPUs process more instructions per cycle

Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition

Designed for

• Environments with mission-critical applications
• Very large databases
• Information access requiring high availability

Support for clustering with up to 16 computers
For SMP it supports from 2 to 64 processors.
Feature
Hot add memory and fault tolerance memory sync
RAM capability

RAM
a max of 64GB
Similar to to enterprise
64GB for x86 processor and 2TB for x64 bit processor.

Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition

• For midsized and large organizations with scaling needs
• Supports x86 and x64
• Enables clustering
• Supports hot-add memory
• Fault tolerant memory sync
• Provides Microsoft Metadirectory Services
• Designed for hosting and deploying Web services and applications
• Supports x86 and x64 computers
• Cannot be used to manage directory resources via hosting Active Directory

RAM
a max of 64GB

Windows Server 2008 Definitions

Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP)-
Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) is applications use multiple CPUs to run jobs.

Clustering-
Clustering is ability to increase the access to server resources and provide a fail-safe services by linking two or more discrete computers systems so they appear to function as though they are one.

Hot-add memory-
Ability to add RAM without shutting down

Hot-add processor-
Ability to add processor to an empty processor while the system is running.

Hot-replace processor-
Ability to replace processor in an SMP system without taking the system down.


Fault Tolerant Memory Sync-
The ability of memory to resynchronize after transient memory problems. This prevents interruptions.

Active Directory-
A database of computers, users, groups, shared printers, shared folders, and other network resources.


Client-
Accesses resources on another computer via a network or direct cable connection

Workstation-
Has its own central processing unit (CPU)
Can be used as a stand-alone or network computer

Domain-
Grouping of network objects, such as computers, servers, and user accounts



Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (SUA)-
This is how Windows Server 2008 support for UNIX and Linux clients
Its allows Unix/Linux to run scripts in a Windows Server


Multitasking
Ability to run two or more programs at the same time

Multithreading
Capability of programs written to run several program code blocks at the same time

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) - full cost of owning a network, including hardware, software, training, maintenance and user support cost.

Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition

• Most basic server version
• Good for Small Companies
• Basis for other versions
• Everyday needs of small to large businesses
• Used on x86 and x64 computers
• Compatible with Microsoft .NET Framework and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET

Supports:

• File and print sharing
• Essential network services
• Application and other sharing
• Multiprocessor computers
• Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP).

Hyper-V
Virtualization Environment
Cuts cost to Cooling and Power savings
Cuts cost by using fewer computers.
Its limitation are that it only runs on x64 computers

RAM
a max of 4GB

The 8 Different Windows Server 2008 Platforms

Eight versions:
1)Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition
2)Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition
3)Windows Web Server 2008
4)Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition
5)Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems
6)Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition without Hyper-V
7)Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition without Hyper-V
8) Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition without Hyper-V