Bug Life Cycle

1) Tester ----new----Test Lead----open----Development Lead ----Developer-----Fixed----Tester
Tester----re-open----Developer

When a tester finds a defect he assigns a new status for the defect and passes it to the test lead.

The test lead  verifies the defect and assigns a open status and passes it to the development lead.


The development lead then  verifies the bug and assigns it the developer.

After that the developer works on the defect fixes it and assigns it back to the tester with a fixed status.

After the tester test to see if the defect still exist. If it doesn't exist the status has been changed to closed.

However, if it still exist then tester reopens the case and sends it back to the developer.

Restesting VS Regression Testing

Regression Testing
check whether the bug or defect has not impacted the existing application

Retesting
Verify the bug or defect itself.

When does the QA come into the Project

QA needs to work from the beginning of project. This will make sure that the customers expectations are met for the quality standards.The  QA also communicates between the major teams to ensure a good test environment is set up.

Difference Between Builds, Release & Version

Build - Application is still in testing phase.

Release- Application is ready for the client.
Updates are done in the same module with o some change in requirements.

Version-  Its a whole new module

3 Quality Assurance Requirments

To Test
1) Completeness
2) Feasiblity
3) if its testable

Different Types of Application

1) Desktop Application
Microsoft word, any desktop application

2) Client Server Application
client request service from the server
OS on the client gathers information from the Server.

3) Web Server Application
Web Browser relies on the Web Server for information

4) Web Application
Cibc.com


5) Mobile Application

6) Cloud Virtual Server Application
On a Cloud server, always online.

Different Types of Software Testing

Different Types of Testing

Functional Testing
To test if commands are functioning the way they are supposed to function
ie. Valid Data & Invalid Data

GUI Testing
Graphical User Interface Testing
To test if the GUI meets the requirements in areas such as font, color, size, alignment and other properties

Smoke Testing
Set of test cases executed confirm if an application is ready for further testing

Database Testing - To test the quality of data in which the following are checked
a) Completeness
b) Accuracy
c) Duplication
d) Stored in proper location

AD-HOC Testing 
To test the application without any formal documentation.

Regression Testing
Set of test cases executed to confirm if  the new changes has not impacted the existing application.

Integrity TestingTesting of two or more module  to ensure they are working together.

Browser Testing
To test the compatibility of different browsers with applications

What is SDLC ?

It stands for software development life cycle.  Its the different stages of development of a software development life cycle.

1) Planning
The project manager understand the business requirements and identifies the problems

2) Analyst
Gathers the requirement for the projects
These include the business analysis, and system analysis

3) Design
Develop specifications requirements input/ output

4) Development
Writing programs and creating database

5) Testing
Testing the software

6)  Implementation
Install the product, ready for deployment

7) Maintenance
Help desk for support
Where changes and corrections are made

OSI Model: Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model

Lesson One: OSI Model: open Systems Interconnection Reference Model


7 Layers: All People Seem To need data processing
7. Applications

It sets up communication between Applications and lower layer network services.

The network needs to interpret application request and the application can interpret data to be sent to the network.

　

- In this Layer we see

-HTTP, FTP, DNS, POP3

-this is where all the applications work.

-separates data into PDUs (protocol data units) or discrete amounts of data.

　

　

　

6. Presentation

-Character encoding

-Application encryption and decryption

Often combined with Application layer

-Presentation layer accepts data from the application layer and formats so that I can be readable.

　

　

5. Session

-Communication management between devices


-Half-duplex, full-duplex (way of communication)
-Controls protocols, tunneling protocols

-Session is a connection of a data exchange between two parties.

-Another purpose is that it  establishes and keeps  communication alive between networks And it determines if a connection is cut-off or not.

An example, is an ISP and your computer negotiating a connection. If your physical connections is disconnected that is a fail session.

　

4. Transport

-The Post office layer

-Parcels and letters

-Transport takes info from the session layer and it make sure it reaches its end. If data is being transferred from point A to B it assures reliability and make sure its sent without erros.


TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

-TCP is connection oriented.

-UDP is not connection oriented. Basically Connectionless.
　

　

3. Network Layer
 The routing layer
 Internet Protocols are in this layer
 Network layer function is to translate network address into the devices and decide how they routed from the sender to the receiver.

IP Fragmentation Process
 -If bytes are too big they are broken and sent through IP header. Split into 3 separate frames. The fragments will always be in multiplea of 8.
　
2. Data Link
 Basic network "language"
 MAC (Media Accesss Control) address on Ethernet
 Every device has a MAC address
 You can find the MAC address by IP address
 Switch
 Data links purpose is to divide data they receive from the network layer into distinct frames so it can be sent to the physical layer.

Data link is divided into 2 sub layers
-Logical Link Control (which provides common setting, reliability and flow of control) (issues requests for the data errors)

-Media Access Control (Takes the MAC address and attaches to the frame)

　

　

1. Physical
 Signaling, cabling, connectors
 This layer isn't about protocols
 Protocols that detect signals

you have a physical layer problem

-Fix your cabling, punch-downs etc.

Fix Tutorial For Sound Icon Missing In Windowsn VISTA, Window 7 - -

Here is fix for Fix Tutorial the Speaker or Volume icon which disappear in Windows Vista or 7.

Implementing Universal Groups

Use Global Group to hold accounts as members. Avoid group nesting to the minimum to avoid confusion
Use Domain Local Groups to provide access to resources in specific domain then make domain local groups members of access control list for specific resources in the domain, such as share folders & printers
Use Universal Groups to provide extensive access to resources, particularly when Active Directory contains trees and forest, or to simplify access when there are multiple domains

Security Group Management

Types of groups and associated scopes:
Local: Stand-alone servers that are not part of any domain
Domain local: Used when there is a single domain or to manage resources in a particular domain so that global and universal groups can access those resources
Global: Used to manage group accounts from the same domain so that those accounts can access resources in the same and in other domains
Universal: Used to provide access to resources in any domain within the forest.
Security groups
Enable access to resources on a) a stand-alone server or b) in Active Directory
Distribution groups
Used for e-mail or telephone lists to provide a quick, mass distribution of information

User Account Management

There are 2 ways that we can create user accounts:


a) Accounts that are set up through a stand-alone server that does not have Active Directory installed

b) Accounts that are set up in a domain when Active Directory is installed

Transitive trust

• If A and B have a trust and B and C have a trust, A and C automatically have a trust as well
• Transitive and 2 ways trust relationship allow any new domain it the tree to have full access to any object in any child/parent domain
• Authentication to different object is enabled using Kerberos

Account Management

There are 2 ways that we can create user accounts:
1) Accounts that are set up through a stand-alone server that does not have Active Directory installed
Install Local Users and Groups MMC snap-in:
For standalone servers that do not use Active Directory



2) Accounts that are set up in a domain when Active Directory is installed.

Use Active Directory Users and Computers tool
From the Administrative Tools menu or as an MMC snap-in

Create each new account by entering account information and password controls
Domain users have access to domain any network resource in the domain (as long as they are authorized)

Containers in Active Directory

Forests
Highest level in an Active Directory
One or more Active Directory trees that are in a common relationship
Forest Main Characteristics:

• The trees can use disjointed namespace
• All trees use the same schema
• All trees use the same global catalog
• Domains enable administration of commonly associated objects, such as accounts and other resources within the forest
• Two-way transitive trust are automatically configured between domains within a single forest

Forest functional level
Active Directory functions supported forest-wide
The functional levels are:
Windows 2000 native forest functional level
Provides active directory functions compatible with a network that has a combination of Windows Server 2000, Window Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 DCs
Windows Server 2003 forest functional level
Intended for Windows Server 2003 and 2008 DCs only
Windows Server 2008 forest functional level
Contains only Windows Server 2008 DCs


Trees

• Contains one or more domains that are in a common relationship
• Domains in a tree typically have a hierarchical structure whereas parent domain at the top can have multiple child domains under the parent domain
• These domains use the contiguous namespace format in that the child domain inherit a portion of their namespace from the parent domain

Domains

• Logical partition within an Active Directory forest
• Primary container within Active Directory
• It groups objects that exist in the domain

Basic functions

• To provide an AD partition to house objects
• To establish a set of information to be replicated from one DC to another one
• To expedite management of a set of objects
• Small and Medium Size companies should have one Domain
• Large companies should have more than one Domain

Organizational units (OUs)

Grouping of related objects within a domain (Similar to folders and sub-folders)
Allow the grouping of objects so that they can be administered using the same group policies

• Such as security and desktop setup

• Also, OUs allow to delegate administration to a different user

Can be nested within other OUs

• Group policies can be inherit into different levels

Trusted domain
Granted access to resources
Trusting domain
One granting access to another domain

Namespace use Contiguous and Disjoined

Active Directory use contiguous and Disjoined namespaces.
Contiguous namespace
Every child object contains the name of the parent object
I.e. msdn2.microsoft.com (the parent object is microsoft.com)
Disjointed namespace
Child name does not resemble the name of its parent object
ie www.hotmail.com is the child of msn.com

3 main components of Active Directory

1) Schema
Defines objects and the information pertaining to those objects that can be stored in Active Directory
An object can be a user account, a printer, a computer, etc
Each object in active directory is defined through the schema
Schema information for objects in a domain is replicated on every DC
Each object have multiple Attributes
For a User Account, an attribute will be:
User Name
Email
Password
Address


2)Global Catalog
Stores information about every object within forest
First DC configured in a forest becomes global catalog
Can change to another DC
Purposes:

• Authentication users when they log on (Universal Group Membership)
• Uses Cached Credentials
• Forest-wide searches and access to all resources in all domains
• Replication of key AD elements
• Keeps copy of most used attributes for quick access

3)Name Space
Name resolution (DNS)

• Converts computer and domain names to IP addresses
• We need to have at least one DNS server in the domain
• Active Directory use DNS to find and interact with different network resources
• DNS and Active Directory can reside in the same physical server

Namespace

• Logical area on a network that contains directory services and named objects
• Has the ability to perform name resolution (forward and reverse namespaces within the DNS)

Active Directory Basics

Active Directory Directory Service (AD DS)
Houses information about all network resources:

• Servers, printers, user accounts, groups of user accounts, security policies, and other information
• Central listing of network resources

• Quick access to network resources

Domain controllers (DCs)

• Servers that have the AD DS server role installed
• A Domain can have multiple DCs for Fault Tolerance and Load Balancing

Member servers
Do not have AD installed (therefore they are not DCs)

Domain

• Fundamental component or container
• Holds information about all network resources that are grouped within the domain (ie, all user accounts in the domain and all LAN Printers)
• Each DC is equal to every other DC
• Each DC has a full list of all networks resources in the domain

Multimaster Replication

• Object defined in the DC are replicated between DCs
• The volume of information to be replicated can be limited if required. This is a good option for slow links
• Advantage : If one DC goes down, no network interruption

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), Mail Delivery Agent (MDA),

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) . An MTA implements both the client (sending) and server (receiving) portions of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.[
Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) -mail delivery agent or message delivery agent (MDA) is a computer software component that is responsible for the delivery of e-mail messages to a local recipient's mailbox